Cathartic Effects of Aggression: Theories

Cathartic Effects of Aggression: Theories Tan Hui Min Psychology— the systematic study of mental and behavioural processes (Coon Mitterer, 2012)—stemmed from Wilhelm Wundt’s founding of the first laboratory in experimental psychology in 1979. Wundt presented his discoveries about the human mind and behaviour in public lectures and soon had halls of people learning about his theories and experiments (Abbott, 2012, para. 7). Some even started setting up their own experimental laboratories and taking up the new science (Abbott, 2012, para. 7). However, many people see psychology as common sense because psychological findings and research all seem self-evident (Dean, 2008). This essay will touch on three reasons as to why psychology is not just common sense based on a common sense topic that frustrated people tend to vent their anger on inanimate objects for mood repair. People who believe in the value of cathartic venting feel worse after aggression. Bushman, Baumeister, and Phillips (2001) conducted a study whereby a group of participants had their emotional states assessed immediately after manipulated provocations (p. 25). Provocations include receiving negative feedback of their essays and blasts of noises of high intensity from â€Å"another participant† during the competitive time reaction task (Bushman, Baumeister, and Phillips, 2001, p. 19-20). They found that participants were emotionally negatively affected by the stimuli and felt more hostile feelings towards the â€Å"provoker†. This is supported by Bohart’s (1980) study which found that after recalling about a recent incident that angered them, participants in the discharge group showed more anger and hostile attitudes compared to intellectual analysis, role play, and control groups, based on the level of aversive noise each participant gave as punishment to a subje ct whenever a mistake was made on the learning task (p. 193). A louder noise administered meant higher feelings of aggression. Ebbesen, Duncan and Konecni (1974) tested whether subjects who were being laid off their jobs would increase or decrease in verbal aggression compared to those who were leaving their jobs for other reasons when induced to aggress verbally against the company, their supervisor, themselves, or to talk about neutral topics. The results indicated that when angered subjects directed verbal aggression at a specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c target, their subsequent verbal aggression increased only when it was directed at the same target. It was also discovered that individuals with higher levels of testosterone responded more aggressively to social provocations (Mehta Beer, 2009, p. 2363). Aggression is therefore relatively useless at getting rid of anger and frustration even though positive feelings are increased during the act of venting. Be it as it may, why is it that the ma ss media still constantly supportting the idea of the catharsis hypothesis through mediums like self-help books, magazines, and television (Shaffer Merrens, 2001)? Angry people feel better when venting their anger through a cathartic process. This popular belief is known as the catharsis theory (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 18). The theory sees emotions as entities that will build up and cause internal pressure if they are not expressed, leading to physiological harm (Bohart, 1980, p. 192). The repression of negative feelings without release may be due to the fear of retaliation or punishment from the provocateur, like in the case of when the source is an employer, thus constraining direct aggression (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears, 1939). Aggression is any behaviour that is intended to inflict harm on an unwilling person (Bushman Anderson, 2001, p. 274). A study found that angry people did positively enjoy some of the cathartic activities, such as hitting a punching bag ( Bushman et al., 1999). Since catharsis supports rumination, which is study investigated whether if getting rid of anger by rumination works better than by distraction. angered participants hit a punching bag and thought about the person who had angered them (rumination group) or thought about becoming physically fit (distraction group). The venting of anger is thus considered a healthy act and people in anger would often hear advice like â€Å"let if off your chest† and â€Å"don’t bottle your anger up inside† from their friends (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 18). The effectiveness of the expression of negative emotions on mood applies differently for different genders. Bushman, Baumeister and Philips (2001) conducted a study which examined how mood-freeze manipulation and pro-catharsis messages affect aggressive behaviour (p. 19). Half the subjects in the pro-cathartic group would read a counterfeit newspaper article supporting the venting of anger by hitting a pillow, while the other half in the anti-cathartic group would read one discouraging the venting of anger by hitting a pillow (Bushman, Baumeister and Philips, 2001, p. 25). Half of the participants in the mood-freeze manipulation group were told that the pill, Bramitol, would freeze their mood for an hour after consumption (Bushman, Baumeister and Philips, 2001, p. 20). The other half were free to control their moods. It was found that for women, the venting of anger improved their mood only when their believe that their moods are open to change, as observed from the female participan ts reporting that they felt more positive feelings following aggression in the changeable mood condition compared to those in the mood-freeze condition (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 28). As for men, they were found to be generally more aggressive than women (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 20) and that those who most believed in the efficacy of venting felt the least improvement in their moods after venting their anger in the changeable mood condition (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 28). This observation can be supported by The evidence of how different men and women handle their emotions shows that the effectiveness of catharsis venting differs between genders. Angry impulses and hostile tendencies are not reduced by acting aggressively. It was found that when given the chance to aggress nonverbally against their tormentors, angry participants engaged in less nonverbal aggression afterwards (Doob, 1970; Doob and Wood, 1972; Konecni and Doob, 1972; Konecni, 1973). However, an opposite effect was witnessed for verbal aggression (DeCharms Wilkins, 1963; Kahn, 1966). the annoyer is still derogated and highly disliked at the end of the experiment (Konecni, 1973; Konecni and Doob, 1972). Konecni and Doob (1972) found that nonverbal aggression directed at a scapegoat reduced future nonverbal aggression directed at one’s tormentor. If verbal hostility does serve the same function as covert rumination about one’s plight, then generalization from scapegoat to tormentor might well be expected to occur. Doob (1972) found that nonverbal aggression directed at someone reduced future nonverbal aggression directed at one’s tormentor. Showed that verbally expressing one’s boiling anger toward a given entity increases subsequent verbal aggression towards the same entity but does not affect how their emotions are directed at others (p. 198-199) The angered subjects were more hostile towards the company after telling the personnel manager negative things about the company and that the increase in hostility was signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cantly enhanced by the comparable interview session. However, in Bohart’s study, the overall difference between catharsis and the other measures narrowed over several sessions, suggesting that venting through a cathartic process requires time and practice in order for the dilution of negative feelings to be effective (Bohart, 1980, p. 194). This is probably the reason why the belief in catharsis survives today despite all the contrary research findings. In essence, the common sense belief in the efficacy of catharsis can be proven correct by some psychologists and otherwise by others. The field of psychology really involves data collection of human thought process and behaviour though scientific or observational means to prove a common sense hypothesis either correct or false. Many of our intuitions have been rectified through the years and like the intuition that the release of anger on a pillow lessens feelings of aggression, we cannot always depend on common sense to reason things. Psychology is therefore not just common sense, but also based on proper research, meticulous testing, and applications of theory. References Ebbesen, E. B., Duncan, B., Konecni, V. J. (1975). Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 11, 192-204. Retrieved from http://konecni.ucsd.edu/pdf/1975%20Content%20Verb.%20Agg%20JESP.pdf

Politics and Architecture: A Literature Review

Chapter Two:Methodology In this chapter the research methodological analysis used in the survey is described. Theoretical analysis, informations aggregation, interviews conducted as collaborative method and the information beginnings are clarified. 2.1 Literature Review In the undermentioned paragraphs I will exemplify the methodological inspiration I take to analyze the confrontation between formal planning and informal slums in Zhengzhou. In conformity to the research inquiries stated in the direction, the theoretical lenses I adopt could be categorized into three spheres. 2.1.1Power and Governmentality Space is a critical portion of the conflict for control and surveillance of persons ( Michel Foucault, 1988 ) , and urban planning is one of the important tools to put to death province control. The first analytical end of this thesis is to show a political analysis of urban programs based on a coexistent, feeder, and conflictual theory of power. Sing the assorted nature of power and the coexisting humanistic disciplines of authorities, intriguing parts have been made to the spheres of psychological science ( Rose,1998 ) , broad governmentality ( Barry, Osborne, & A ; Rose, 1996 ) , insurance and hazard direction ( O’Malley, 2002 ) and ecological administration ( Darier, 1999 ; Binkley & A ; Capetillo, 2010 ) . Foucault’s construct provides a wider spectrum of political phenomena than what is traditionally defined as â€Å"political† ( e.g. citizens, province, political representation, freedom, etc. ) , by including classically non-political phenomena like machines, air, H2O, animate beings, workss and infinite. He suggested that there are three types of power: crowned head, disciplinary, and biopolitical, which I intend to pull on to clear up some of the complex relationships of power operating at urban planning, particularly on the control over internal migrators. Their grade of strength, common dealing ss of convergence, and hostility will be analyzed in Chapter Four, but here I would wish to indicate out how the classification of crowned head, disciplinary, and biopolitical are relevant to the instance survey in China. Sovereignty, Foucault says, creates a territorial treaty, and the major map of it is vouching boundary lines. Sovereign power is so exercised within the boundary lines of a district ( M. Foucault, 2009 ) . The family enrollment system in China is an convergence of societal and geographic division, which creates an unseeable but rigorous boundary line between the rural and urban countries. Binary exclusion, territorial regulations and even penalty for boisterous migrators [ 1 ] were implanted to procure the urban district. The undertaking of subject is to enforce a breakdown grid within the inside of the district established by the crowned head and bring forth organic structures that are both docile and capable of holding their bodily motions directed ( Foucault, 1979 ) . In China, internal migrators are surveilled, supervised and reformed through disciplinary power so as to do them prevail, obedient and able to digest adversity. When a individual steps out of the rural country and enters the metropolis, he must be prepared to be expelled, to work without societal public assistance, to digest general favoritism and to be soundless in his endurance. More than a disciplinary mechanism that acts on persons, biopower Acts of the Apostless as a control setup exerted over a population as a wholeto achieve an optimum result in a multivalent and convertible model ( M. Foucault, 2009 ) . Architecture, or urban planning, in this regard, is a signifier of biopolitics. Reconstruction of the reinforced environment, street, rivers and even flora, has become political mechanisms for way or redirection of migratory organic structures. The configuration of political schemes can be explained through Foucault’s surveies, which contributes to the inquiry ofhowto command the migration of people. In seeking to understandwhyauthoritiess are seeking to â€Å"sedentarize† people, James Scott came to see these strategies as â€Å"a province ‘s effort to do a society legible, to set up the population in ways that simplified the authoritative province maps of revenue enhancement, muster, and the bar of rebellion† ( Scott, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Scott fully fledged catastrophes of societal technology necessitate a combination of four elements: the discernability of a society, â€Å"high-modernist† political orientation that believes itself in command of nature and society, an autocratic province willing to utilize all its coercive power to implement these strategies, and an incapacitated civil society which is easiest to happen in times of war, depression, crises, or attempts at national rele ase. China still has a long manner to travel in developing a stronger civil society under the autocratic societal construction, hence when the province got excessively deep into a tunnel vision to accomplish Utopian alterations, catastrophes necessarily happened ( e.g. the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution ) . The family enrollment system, which dated back to the black fragments of Chinese history, is portion of the simplified narrow vision. Its negative impact on urban development and human rights protection needs to be to foster revealed before major alterations could take topographic point. 2.1.2 Segregation and Marginality One of the byproducts of the family enrollment system is urban small towns, which presently shelter the bulk of the migratory population in the metropolis, individually from the urban system. I intend to cast visible radiation on its effects upon the society and measure planning policies designed to cover with it though residential segregation analysis. Park presented the really first definition of residential segregation in 1926, as a nexus that exists between both the societal distance and the physical distance ( Park, 1926 ) . Since so assorted definitions have been contributed to a better apprehension of the residential segregation construct ( e.g. Timms, 1975 ; White, 1983 ; Jargowsky, 1996 ) , with the most influential one drawn by Massey and Denton, sing residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon based on five dimensions: evenness, exposure, constellating, centralization and concentration ( Massey & A ; Denton, 1988 ) . Over the decennaries, legion quantitative attacks have besides been proposed taking to measure the different indices and steps ( both spacial and non-spatial ) of residential segregation. As quantitative analysis will non be carried out in my thesis, delight refer to the researches below for more description: James and Taeuber ( 1985 ) , Massey and Denton ( 1988 ) , Wong ( 1993 ) , Anselin ( 1995 ) , Reardon and O’Sullivan ( 2004 ) , Echenique and Fryer ( 2007 ) . The thrusts of residential segregation can be classified into two groups: endogenous ( e.g. income and single penchant ) and exogenic ( e.g. public policy and existent estate market moral force ) . In this regard, Nightingale believes that there is basically no such thing as genuinely voluntary segregation, or â€Å"good segregation† ( Peach, 1996 ) ; and he argues that segregation Acts of the Apostless as a political agent to reenforce unequal power dealingss in metropoliss, assisted by popular support and sustained by the land and economic markets which benefit from it ( Nightingale, 2012 ) . In the instance of urban small towns, the causes come from both classs: societal and physical division was created by public policies in the first topographic point, so enhanced by the income disparity and societal inequality between the urbanites and the rural migrators, every bit good as their willingness to populate with equals. Sing effects, there has been no consensus reached by bookmans. Positive effects may look in the short term sing the migrants’ formation of societal capital and networking. At the same clip negative effects are good acknowledged, including joblessness, wellness, academic public presentation, criminalism, prolongation of poorness and bad income distribution. However, new findings ( chiefly informations from the Traveling to Opportunity programme ) have shown that residential segregation has about negligible effects on families well-being ( it is still an unfastened inquiry and a topic of argument ) . I believe the being of urban small towns, as a signifier of segregation, has mix effects in Chinese society, and its negative impacts will be examined chiefly through marginality theories. Marginality is by and large used to depict and analyse socio-cultural, political and economic domains, where disadvantaged people struggle to derive entree ( social and spacial ) to resources, and full engagement in societal life ( Andersen & A ; Larsen, 1998 ; Brodwin, 2001 ; Heikki & A ; etc, 1999 ) . Social marginality is by and big reflected on the implicit in societal conditions of people, represented by hapless support options ( deficiency of resources, accomplishments and chances ) , reduced or restricted engagement in public decision-making, less usage of public infinite, lower sense of community and low self-pride ( Brodwin, 2001 ; Larsen, 2001 ) . Marginalised people are normally discriminated against, stigmatized, ignored and frequently suppressed on the footing of race, gender, age, civilization, faith, ethnicity, business, instruction and economic system by the mainstream ( Larsen, 2002 ) . The dimension of spacial marginality is normally linked to the geographical farness of an country from major economic Centres ( location ) , and refers to countries that are hard to make in the absence of appropriate substructure and hence isolated from mainstream development ( Brodwin, 2001 ; Hurni, Wiesmann, Schertenleib, & A ; North-South, 2004 ) . InUrban OutcastsLoic Wacquantdraws on a comparative analysis of the black ghetto of Chicago and the deindustrializingbanlieueof Paris to show that urban marginality is non everyplace the same ( Wacquant, 2008 ) . In the same mode, this thesis intends to lend to the survey of urban marginality, by exemplifying the similar yet different state of affairs in Chinese urban small towns. How the root causes of inequality, exposure and exclusion in urban small towns are linked with spacial and social marginality and the convergence between the two will be farther elaborated in Chapter Four. 2.1.3 Resistance and the Right to the City In one of the most well-known quotation marks of Michel Foucault, he claims that â€Å"Where there is power, there is resistance† ( Michel Foucault, 2012 ) , which besides applies to the confrontation between formal planning ( public policies ) and informal slums ( urban small towns ) . As I indicated before, for a better apprehension of power it is necessary to beef up opposition surveies. The theoretical construct of â€Å"everyday resistance† was introduced James Scott, as a sort of opposition that is non as dramatic and seeable as rebellions, public violences, presentations, revolutions, civil war or other such organized, corporate or confrontational articulations of opposition. He besides argues that these activities are tactics that exploited people use in order to both survive and undermine inhibitory domination, particularly in contexts when rebellion is excessively hazardous ( Scott, 1985, 1992 ) . Based on this model, research has grown within legion Fieldss, including surveies related to specific societal infinites, such as the workplace ( Huzell 2005 ) and the household ( Holmberg & A ; Ehnander 2007 ) , and among specific groups of population, such as adult females, low-skilled workers, migrators, homosexual ( Myslik 1996 ; Campbell 2004 ) , minorities, and â€Å"new agents† ( e.g. white-power militants ( Simi & A ; Futurell 2009 ) ) . However, a job with the construct of â€Å"everyday resistance† is that it risks labelling many other looks of difference, divergence, or individualism as â€Å"resistance† . Therefore although the oppositional act from urban small towns is quiet, dispersed, disguised or apparently unseeable, whether it is or to what extent it is a signifier of â€Å"everyday resistance† demands to be discussed. Furthermore, this construct has besides been criticised of making a duality between the â€Å"disguised resistance† ( mundane opposition ) and â€Å"publicly declared resistance† . Asef Bayat, for illustration, prefers an instead construct of â€Å"quite encroachment† : â€Å"the silent, protracted but permeant promotion of the ordinary people on the property-owning and powerful in order to last and better their lives†¦marked by quiet, mostly atomized and prolonged mobilisation with episodic corporate action† ( Bayat, 2000 ) . The signifier of opposition can non be isolated from the power it counters. Resistance, be it hidden of â€Å"spectacular† ( Bhabha ) , is situated in certain clip, infinite and dealingss, and engages with different discourses. Therefore mundane opposition can go on between or at the side of unfastened opposition, and frailty versa. In the instance of Chinese urban small towns, there are occasions when the hidden mundane opposition becomes public, corporate and officially organized. It is of import to analyse the opposition of the urban small towns ( some of which they do non see as â€Å"resistance† themselves ) , but non necessary to find precisely when and where â€Å"everyday resistance† happens ; what is more important is to understand what they are seeking through their opposition. Originally proposed by Henri Lefebvre as both a â€Å"cry and a demand† , David Harvey describes the right to the metropolis as â€Å"a collective right which goes beyond simply accessing single urban resources, a freedom to do and refashion ourselves and our cities†¦the most cherished yet most neglected of our human rights† ( Harvey, 2012 ) . During rapid urbanisation, old parts of the metropolis is invariably being wiped off and the metropolis is going an foreign entity, or, as Harvey puts it, the infinite where excesss of capital are being generated. In this manic gait of alteration, the marginalized population, are being invisibilized and pushed out of the metropolis to its borders. As stated before, really frequently they try to entree physical infinite in the metropolis and other services in really quiet, ordinary and elusive ways, but Harvey suggests that the marginalized people should come together as a community and take control of the â€Å"surplusesâ₠¬  which are generated at the disbursal of the metropoliss. However, Harvey has been criticised of romanticising the metropolis as a governable entity, and neglecting to acknowledge the multiple mediums by which people try to negociate their entree to the metropolis. Beyond an abstract rights claim, what extremist public-service corporation does this construct of â€Å"the right to the city† have for the present state of affairs in China, and how might it go, as Harvey suggests it could, â€Å"both working slogan and political ideal† for the urban villagers ( Harvey, 2003 ) ? Could theaccess to the metropolis be conceptualized in footings of rights, or is it the infinites through which people develop belongingness and ownership that should be examined? These inquiries will be farther examined through instance survey in Chapter Three and Chapter Four. 2.2Case Study 2.2.1 Data Collection In order to analyze the confrontation between formal planning and informal slums, informations demands to be collected from both kingdoms. Official programs ( authorised by cardinal authoritiess ) and original paperss of public policies related to urban planning, building ordinance, migration direction and societal public assistances are collected to measure the relationships of power operating. Statistical information sing the redevelopment undertaking of urban small towns in Jinshui District, including continuance, size, developing manner, redevelopment program, and major obstructions ( if any ) besides belong to this kingdom. Geographic informations of urban small towns in Jinshui District and their surrounding environment, including transit system, substructure system, lodging monetary value in the existent estate market and distribution of public installations are collected to analyze the opposition of urban small towns, or in other words, their impact on the urban development. 2.2.2Interview Interviews referred to in Chapter Four were carried out by my confederate in China. Due to the bound of clip and location, I did non take the method of field work or questionnaire study. The interviews were conducted in an informal mode, with the purpose of supplying personal experience and positions, non official historical â€Å"truth† , to the empirical research. At the petition of the interviewees, personal information will non be provided. 2.3Data Beginning Geographical informations dated prior to 1984 were sourced form historical maps and paperss that belong to the private aggregation of a native Zhengzhou citizen, Mr. Niu. Geographical informations ( including official maps ) from 1984 onward were provided by the Mapping Institute of Henan ( a subordinate of the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of Henan ) . Data sing the four cardinal programs conducted in Zhengzhou were provided by the Urban and Rural Planning Bureau of Zhengzhou. Data sing the urban small towns and redevelopment undertakings in the Jinshui District were provided by the Urban Village Renovation Office of Zhengzhou. Other societal and economic informations referred to in this thesis was chiefly collected from the authorities web site, or provided by the Archive of Zhengzhou and the Urban Development Archive of Zhengzhou. All the written stuffs from the above mentioned beginnings were originally in Mandarin Chinese, and the interlingual rendition ( if any ) was conducted by myself ; some of the numerical informations were conjunct signifier Chinese units. Detailed information will be provided for each figure and tabular array. 2.4 Drumhead It could be concluded from the predating description that the research presented in this thesis is strictly qualitative. By pulling on the surveies of Foucault, Scott, Nightingale, Wacquant, Harvey and Castells, the theoretical model of this thesis consists of three parts: power and gavernmentality, segregation and marginality, opposition and the right to the metropolis. The urban development, particularly the issue of urban small towns in Zhengzhou will be examined under this model, taking to reply the research inquiries proposed in the direction.

Cyber Bullying, Its Forms, Impact, and Relationship to Juvenile Delinquency Essay

Technology has brought tremendous changes to human lives. It literally changes everything. The start of the new millennium has brought remarkable changes in global perspectives. The idea of unknown possibility and unexplored world landscape vanished. In a sense the huge world, which people can thought was so vast that one cannot travel from one end to the other without spending one’s generation, shrank. According to Mapue, (2006), societies grew from interactional to isolated populace where each spends most of his time sitting in front of a computer. With the advent of such revolution the concept of Cyberspace was born and with it, the lives of the people and how they interact with one another correspondingly and dramatically changed. Cyberspace has brought tremendous changes to human lives since its emergence. Gibson (1982) in his short story ‘Burning Chrome’ coined the term ‘cyberspace’ to a computer generated virtual reality. According to him, cyberspace is the name of a real non-space world, which is characterized by the ability for virtual presence of and interaction between, people through ‘icons, waypoints and artificial realities’. Through the Internet major development paves way in society. The Internet creates new ways for citizens to communicate, come together, and share information of a social nature. It is obvious that the Internet has and will continue to change the way people live. Every day, the Internet expands by the social, political, and economic activities of people all over the world, and its impact can be seen everywhere. In this present time there is no geographical separation or borders that can hinder people to communicate elsewhere. All people now can participate and contribute drawing on their experiences and resources. In cyberspace, actions and reactions are essentially instantaneous, and this is why the Internet is so gratifying and attractive. This is why it has impacted society in almost all areas of human endeavor. As in any other field in life there are the negative aspects that the Internet has brought to humans. The digital era has promised users the potential to access information anywhere at any time. When the state adopted the Bill of Rights guaranteeing that â€Å"Congress shall make no law †¦ abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press,† few people have foreseen that any person of modest means could publish something that is accessible to the entire world (via the world wide web) to be read or viewed by potentially hundreds of millions (Edlemm, 2010). The Internet now permeates the lives of all humans. With the help of it, an individual can access any information that he may want in the same way that he can post or upload anything in the cyberspace. Truly internet activity is now part of human’s life. It enables man to become powerful in a way that he can access, control, and manipulate the internet as well as the information. Ironically, while many are enjoying the benefit of the internet it also gives others the chance to abuse it and use gain personal benefits by victimizing others.

Marketing Management - Nike Case Study - 6867 Words

Marketing Plan for NIKE MM 522 – Keller Gratudate School of Management Executive Summary NIKE, Inc. (NIKE, NASD: NKE) was founded in 1972 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight as a partnership under the name, Blue Ribbon Sports. Back then, the modest goal was to distribute low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to†¦show more content†¦It also markets products designed for kids, as well as for other athletic and recreational uses, such as baseball, cricket, golf, lacrosse, outdoor activities, football (American), tennis, volleyball, walking and wrestling. NIKEs athletic footwear products are designed primarily for specific athletic use. It also markets footwear designed for baseball, cheerleading, football, golf, lacrosse, outdoor activities, skateboarding, tennis, volleyball, walking, wrestling, and other athletic and recreational uses. The Company sells sports apparel and accessories, as well as athletic bags and accessory items. It also markets apparel with licensed college and professional team, and league logos. NIKE’s goal is to carry on Bowerman’s legacy of innovative thinking, whether to develop products that help athletes of every level of ability reach their potential, or to create business opportunities that set NIKE apart from the competition and provide value for the shareholders. They and the people they hired have evolved and have grown the company from NIKE, a U.S.-based footwear distributor, to a global marketer of athletic footwear, apparel and equipment that is unrivaled in the world. Along the way, NIKE has established a strong Brand Portfolio with several wholly-owned subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Converse Inc., Hurley International LLC, NIKE Golf, and Umbro Ltd. 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